General information
The first coins of the early periods of the era of the state of Ulug Ulus (Golden Horde) were Monke Kagan (1251-1259), Aryg-Buka (1259-1264), the Baghdad Caliphate was minted under the name An-Nasir ad-din. Numismatic artifacts from the time of Batu Khan (1256), Berke Khan (1256-1266), Mengu Temir (1266-1282), Toda Mengu (1282-1286), Tula Buga (1287-1290) were closely related with the city of Bulgar. The city of Bulgar became the first major center for minting tenge coins. Then the mints were concentrated in cities such as Saray, Bulgar, Crimea, Khorezm.
During the reign of Tokto and the Uzbek khans (1310-1340), reforms were carried out to regulate the weight of silver tenge in monetary circulation, and the territory of the tenge's validity expanded. In particular, silver tenge dirhams were abundantly minted in mints in the cities of Ukek, Saray al-Makhrus, Esikshi, Bulgar, Khorezm, Mokshi, Azak, Sygnak. In the era of the khans Zhanibek and Toktamys, about 1.50-1.60 gr. Weighty dirhams and colorful bullet coins began to be widely minted. Ulug ulus Saray al-Jadid, Gulistan, Saraychik (Saraishyk), Hadji-tarkhan, Orda Al-Mugazzam, Shahr al-Jadid, Hungarian, Kefe, El-ui Mugazzam, Ordu Bazar, Zhundy Bazar, Bemir bek Bazar, Bek Bazar, seven Bek Bazar, Urgench, Bilyar, Kerman and other nominal coins, such as dinar (altyn tenge), dirham (kumis tenge), pul, “level (tenge)” (copper tenge), were minted in large quantities in cities and were widely used in monetary circulation.
On some coins the name “yarmak” (half-size gold, silver money) was also used. This means half a dirham. And the names “pul”, “level//dange (tenge)” were applied to copper coins. In the era of the Ulug Ulus state, approximately 1 dinar of gold money was valued at 6 silver dirhams, 1 dirham at 2 tenge, “1 denig (danik) at 16 kopecks.” And in some trade transactions, a silver bar “som” was also used, 1 som (about 150-200 grams) - 150 dirhams. The tenge of Ulug Ulus bears relief inscriptions: the name of the ruler, a sign, the name of the city, the year of the Hijri and the Muslim text “Kalima”, as well as the inscriptions “Kutty danshy”. The Islamic epithet is not written on copper coins. Also on some coins, old Uyghur inscriptions used traditional texts such as “Tokto”, “Dzhanibek”, “Toktamys”, “May Qutlug abide”.
Silver and copper coins have different designs. It contains the sun and Leo (Saray, Azak-Kuna), sun and Scorpio, star, pentagon, peacock, swan, double-headed eagle (Saray al-Jadid, Gulistan-Kuna), kablan, arkar, deer, horse, male, steed , horse, camel, Kulan, double fish, bow were decorated with a bullet, scales, jug and eyes, crescent and symbol, human face, child and mother, flower-shaped ornament.
Scientific literature
1. Френ Х.М. Монеты ханов Улуса Джучиев или Золотой Орды с монетами разных иных мухамеданиских династий правления. -Спб,1832.,
2. Савельев П.С. Монеты джучидские, джагатайские, джелаиридские и другие, обращавшиеся в Золотой Орде в эпоху Тохтамыша. // выпуск. I-III, ТВОРАО, -СПб, 1858. -1-340.
3. Сингатуллина А.З. Джучидские монеты. Поволжских городов XIII века. // -Казань: «Заман», 2003.-192 с.,
4. Федоров-Давыдов Г.А. Денежное дело Золотой Орды. - М.; Палеограф, 2003. -352 с., 40 с ил.
5. Самашев З., Бурнашева Р., Базылхан Н., Плахов С. Сарайшық тиындары. Монеты Сарайчика . – Алматы: ТОО Археология, ТОО Grapho-art, 2006. – 126 с. ;
6. Қазақстанның нумизматикалық мұрасы. Нумизматические наследие Казахстана. The Numismatic Heritage of Kazakhstan. Руководитель проекта: Нурсан Алимбай. Составители: Базылхан Н., Какабаев Б.С., Бурнашева Р.З., Петров П.Н., Жолдасбаева Д. –Алматы, 2008.- 87-с.
7. zeno.ru // https://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=2